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Both cells are joined to form larvae, which can swim off to find a good place to settle.

These are either captured by another sponge, and are then transported to the egg cells of the parent. They can make sperm cells that are released into the water. They can then either make a new sponge, or they can use the skeleton of the parent sponge (that died). These will not develop until the conditions improve again. When the conditions are bad, some sponges can also grow lumps of unspecialised cells. With budding a small sponge grows on the parent when it is done growing, it simply falls off. If such a piece has the right types of cells it can grow to become a new sponge. Sponges usually reproduce when little pieces break off. Reproduction in Sponges Asexual reproduction However the genus Chondrocladia uses a highly modified water flow system to inflate balloon-like structures that are used for capturing prey. Most known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and choanocytes. The cave-dwelling predators capture crustaceans under 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long by entangling them with fine threads, digest them by enveloping them with further threads over the course of a few days, and then return to their normal shape there is no evidence that they use venom. However one species has been found in Mediterranean caves at depths of 17-23m alongside the more usual filter feeding sponges.

Most carnivorous sponges live in deep waters, up to 8,840 metres (5.49 mi), and the development of deep-ocean exploration techniques is expected to lead to the discovery of several more. Some species are thought to use either sticky threads or hooked spicules. In most cases little is known about how they actually capture prey. Most of these sponges belong to the family Cladorhizidae, but a few members of the Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae are also carnivores. They eat small crustaceans and other small animals. They have therefore changed, and became predators. Carnivorous spongesĪ few species live in waters where there is very little food available. A few species can contract their whole bodies. A few sponges can change their position, they can move at speeds of between 1 mm and 4 mm a day. Sponges are sessile, they live in one place, where they are fixed to the ground.